英国《卫报》在11月曾发表过一篇关于英国经济在2020年九月以后复苏缓慢的文章，其实这篇文章对于同学们来说需要仔细的阅读，因为这篇文章背后蕴含了很多
Alevel经济考点，不管您是AS还是A2阶段，实事总是经济中最常考的考点，下面给大家分析一下这篇文章。
以下例文摘自《卫报》官网。
UK economy grew at record quarterly rate but recovery slowed in September
Growth surge follows easing of first lockdown but ONS data reveals recovery slowing fast
Britain’s economy grew at a record quarterly rate of more than 15% as lockdown restrictions were eased in the summer but the recovery was losing momentum even before new curbs came in, the latest official figures have revealed.
Data from the Office for National Statistics showed that national output expanded by just 1.1% in September – the last month before fresh action was taken to limit the spread of Covid-19.
The ONS said that while the economy had now expanded for five months in a row, the pace of recovery had decelerated. Record growth in the July to September period followed an unprecedented drop of 19.8% in the second quarter and a fall of 2.5% in the first three months of the year.
Gross domestic product – the measure used to gauge the size of the economy – increased by 9.1% in June, 6.3% in July, and 2.2% in August before slowing again in September.
AL经济知识点解析
进入秋季以后，英国9月的全国产量仅增长了1.1%，经济呈现出不景气的态势。在CIE考试局A2的宏观经济章节，引起失业(unemployment)的因素知识点中，经济不景气所导致的社会总需求(aggregate demand)下降正是引发周期性失业(cyclical unemployment)的导火索。由于其所带来的影响是全国范围的，所以相比起结构性失业(structure unemployment)，周期性失业是一种更严重的失业问题。根据失业的原因不同，除周期性失业外，还包括摩擦性失业(frictional unemployment)、结构性失业：摩擦性失业指的是劳动人口在两份工作之间求职过程中的暂时性的失业问题；结构性失业是由于经济活动结构变化导致的失业问题。
对应知识点：
Frictional unemployment is unemployment that arises when workers are between jobs. One form of frictional unemployment is search unemployment. This arises when workers do not accept the first job or jobs on but spend some time looking for a better paid job. Casual and seasonal unemployment are two other forms of frictional unemployment. Casual unemployment refers to workers who are out of work between periods of employment including, for example, actors, supply teachers and construction workers. In the case of seasonal unemployment, demand for workers fluctuates according to the time of the year. During periods of the year, people working in, for example, the tourism, hospitality, building and farming industries may be out of work.
As its name suggests, structural unemployment arises due to changes in the structure of the economy. Over time the pattern of demand and supply will change. Some industries will be expanding and some will be contracting. If workers cannot move from one industry to another industry, due to a lack of geographical or occupational immobility, they may become structurally unemployed. Structural unemployment can take a number of forms. One is technological unemployment. In this case, people are out of work due to the introduction of labour-saving techniques.When declining industries are concentrated in a particular area of the country, the resulting unemployment is sometimes referred to as regional unemployment.
Another form of structural unemployment is international unemployment. This is when workers lose their jobs because demand switches from domestic industries to more competitive foreign industries. For instance, the number of coal miners in the UK has fallen significantly over the past 40 years as the UK has lost its comparative advantage in coal mining.
Frictional and structural unemployment arise largely due to problems on the supply side of the economy. The third main type of unemployment, cyclical unemployment or demand-deficient unemployment, arises due to a lack of aggregate demand. Cyclical unemployment will affect the whole economy, with job losses occurring across a range of industries.
The ONS said there was a boost from children going back to school, which had helped support activity, but there was a slowdown in business for pubs and restaurants due to the end of the “eat out to help out” scheme.
Despite the pickup in activity as the economy began to open up in the late spring and summer, the level of national output in the third quarter was 9.7% below where it was in the last three months of 2019.
Britain’s record compares unfavourably with other leading developed countries, most of which saw smaller falls in output in the second quarter and which have recouped more of the lost ground. The US has the least bad record, with GDP 3.5% below where it was at the end of 2019.
Britain has seen a 22.9% rebound in activity since the economy’s low point in April, but in September was still 8.2% below its level when the crisis began in February, the ONS said.
The services sector – which includes hospitality and leisure – has been the hardest hit and remains 8.8% lower than it was before the spring lockdown was imposed. Manufacturing (-8.1%) and construction (-7.3%) are also well below their level in the early part of the year.
Economists said there would be a further blow to the economy from the tougher local restrictions introduced in October and the four-week lockdown for England that began in early November. GDP is expected to fall again in the final three months of 2020.
Dean Turner, economist at UBS global wealth management, said: “In our view, the latest round of Covid related restrictions will lead to a contraction in the final quarter, leaving the economy around 11% smaller than at the start of the year.”
Rishi Sunak, the chancellor of the exchequer, said: “Today’s figures show that our economy was recovering over the summer, but started to slow going into autumn. The steps we’ve had to take since to halt the spread of the virus mean growth has likely slowed further since then.
But there are reasons to be cautiously optimistic on the health side – including promising news on tests and vaccines. My economic priority continues to be jobs – that’s why we extended furlough through to March and I welcome the news today that nearly 20,000 new roles for young people have been created through our Kickstart scheme.
文章中AL经济知识点解析
英国政府颁布的Kickstart计划：通过向雇主提供资金，间接地让他们开放更多的工作岗位给年轻人，并通过为那些有长期失业风险的年轻人提供培训与支持的方式来进阶他们的就业能力。在CIE考试局AS的政府宏观干预章节，关于政府宏观经济政策目标(the aims of government macroeconomic policy)的知识点中，英国政府的这一举措体现了其通过扩大支出来实现宏观经济政策的目标之一：充分就业(full employment)、降低失业率(decrease unemployment rate)。其他的宏观经济政策目标还包括：降低和稳定通胀(low and stable inflation)、国际收支平衡(balance of payments equilibrium)、稳定和持续的经济增长(steady and sustained economic growth)、避免汇率波动(avoidance of exchange rate fluctuations)、可持续的经济增长(sustainable economic development)。
对应知识点：
The main government macroeconomic policy aims are:
full employment
low and stable inflation
balance of payments equilibrium
steady and sustained economic growth
avoidance of exchange rate fluctuations
sustainable economic development.
At any one time, a government may prioritise one objective. For example, if the inflation rate is at 20% and rising, a government may decide to concentrate on achieving price stability.
There are still hard times ahead, but we will continue to support people through this and ensure nobody is left without hope or opportunity.”
Fresh official forecasts for the economy and the public finances will be published on 25 November to coincide with the unveiling of Sunak’s one-year spending round plan. The chancellor will announce a package of measures to protect jobs and expand public services
Jonathan Athow, the deputy national statistician for economic statistics, said: “While all main sectors of the economy continued to recover, the rate of growth slowed again with the economy still remaining well below its pre-pandemic peak.
The return of children to school boosted activity in the education sector. Housebuilding also continued to recover, while business strengthened for lawyers and accountants after a poor August.
However, pubs and restaurants saw less business, after the eat out to help out scheme ended, and accommodation saw less business after a successful summer.”
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