IGCSE经济考点之市场经济讲解 赶紧记下这些考纲不会出现但要知道的知识点

今天还是会继续和大家讲有关IGCSE经济考点，这次讲的是市场经济，给大家补充一些有关市场经济的知识点，如果有复习的同学们不妨来看看这些。

IGCSE经济考点Market Economy

定义

This economic system relies on the market forces of demand and supply to allocate resources. Decisions on how resources are to be allocated are usually taken by millions of households and thousands of firms. 

市场经济就像Adam Smith所说过的“无形的手”，这无形的手就是市场上的需求与供应操纵着价格的上升与下降，例如说，有高需求的商品，多人竞争一个商品，那么就会自然而然推动价格的增长，反之亦然。

The private sector decides on the fundamental questions of the 3 basic economic problems.

值得注意的是，在市场经济中：

·No government interference: 没有政府介入经济活动，resources are allocate by individuals,households and firms freely.

·Resourcesare allocated on the basis of price:价格决定资源的分配.

从供应的角度来说，suppliers will been couraged to produce more goods of a high price because they see there is higher profit in producing this product.

从需求的角度来说，Higher price will discourage the consumption（因为物品变的更昂贵，能付得起钱的消费者就随之减少）and vice versa(反之亦然). Resources are sold to those who have the willingness and ability to pay.

市场经济的好处

Efficiency

Competition helps to ensure that private individuals and firms pay attention to what consumers want. This helps to stimulate innovation, there by making market economies more responsive and dynamic.

在市场经济的形式下生产者因为专注于消费者的喜好而生产消费者喜欢的商品，所以说不同于计划经济中央政府不论顾客喜好商品千篇一律，市场经济中的核心是消费者。所以生产者生产的商品都是与消费者的需求相吻合，所以说这样的生产相对计划经济来说就更高效。

Freedom of choice

Individuals can choose which goods and services to purchase and which career to pursue, without being restricted by government regulations.

继上一条之后，没有政府干预，不同消费者有不同喜好，所以市场内就会生产给类不同的商品供顾客选择，消费者可以自由选择他们所需要的和喜欢的商品和服务。

Competition creates innovation and creativity

在市场经济中存在着大大小小的企业和各类各样的商品与服务，所以说在售卖商品的过程中产生了激烈的竞争。If they wanted to survive in the market, firms have to be innovative to create better qualified goods and services to attract the consumers in order to persuade them to buy your goods or else they would lose their profit and could not earn enough revenue to keep running the firm.

Incentives

The profit motive for firms and the possibility for individuals to earn unlimited wealth creates incentives to work hard. This helps to boost economic growth and living standards in the country. 因为没有政府牵制，所有利润都会回到商家自己的口袋里, 这样的话高利润的回报就会鼓励生产者去更努力工作，进阶销售量以求赚取更高的利润。

市场经济的缺点

Social Hardships

With the absence of government control, the supply of public goods like street light and public toilets could not be provided because of no-profit return.没有了政府管制，因为公共设施没有利润回报（不从消费者身上收取费用）所以私有企业并不会提供这些，那么穷人可能就会很难维持他们的生活。

Distribution of income inequalities

In the market system, the rich have far more choice and economic freedom. Production is taken place to meet the needs and wants to those who can afford it.在市场经济的形势下，因为利润的驱使生产者大多都生产利润高的商品与服务。因为承担得起，所以说有钱的消费者就比穷人有更多的选择。必需品一般都是低收入低利润，所以生产者一般不会去生产这些，但是这些都是穷人所需要的，但是他们没有能力承担高昂的价格，他们的需求就被忽视了。长此以往社会上会形成严重的贫富差距。

Wasteful competition

Competitive pressures can mean that firms use up unnecessary resources to gain competitive advantages over their rivals, such as excess packaging and advertising clutter. Consumers might be exploited by marketing tactics such as pester power. The lack of government involvement could also mean that products are less safe for consumers.

是场内激烈的竞争意味着生产者需要制造出更有竞争力的商品，但是在这个制造的过程中会，淘汰很多东西经过筛选才能有成品，所以说在这个过程中会浪费很多资源。例如说广告，商家在推销自己产品过程中会推广代言广告（很多都是不必要的）以求吸引消费者注意力。广告对于儿童尤其有影响力(pester power).Pester power is a marketing term used to describe the ability that children have to persuade their parents to make certain purchasing decisions.也许儿童在买到了自己想要的商品以后就不再珍惜（浪费），但是商家已经达到了自己销售商品的目的，所以说这也是一种浪费。

Environmental issues

There are negative consequences of economic prosperity under the marketsystem, such as resource depletion, pollution and climate change.没有政府管制，私有企业为了赚钱可以利用一切资源，甚至可以破坏环境，就像现在因为工业生产而造成的雾霾等等。

混合经济Mixed Economy

之前讲过的知识点说pure planned economy和pure market economy在现实生活中是不存在的。相反，mixed economy是所有经济体系中都存在的经济体系。Mixed economy,顾名思义就是把planned 和market 两种经济体制混合起来，既包含了中央政府的管制，同时私人企业也存在与社会之中，两者相辅相成。Decisions on most important economic issues and the provision of necessities are made by the central government while small businesses are more likely to be privatised.

混合经济优点

Mixed Economy综合了计划经济与市场经济的优点（The mixed economy obtains the best of both the planned and market systems），因为它既有中央政府对必需品和公共设施的提供，国防保护国家安全，又有私有生产商销售的各类物品，既满足了人们的基本需求，在此基础上也进阶了人们的生活质量。

混合经济缺点

两种极端经济体制（planned & market）的缺点同样在mixed economy中也有体现，比如：消费者购买商品时需要向国家缴税，不方便政府的宏观调控和统一管理和消费者仍然需要花高价购买商品等等的问题。

以上就是IGCSE经济中有关市场经济的知识点了，同学们要对这些知识点上心哦。如果您目前还没有完全掌握好这些知识点，您可以来橡沐哦，橡沐开设了igcse课程班，给你最专业的帮助。

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