IGCSE商务中会计相关的知识点非常多,涉及到成本,筹资等多个角度。所以今天就来给大家统一整理一下,希望能帮助大家全面且高效地复习IGCSE商务。
IGCSE商务学什么?
主要内容包括:企业所有权、商业目标、股东、商业定位、商业计划、经济环境对企业的影响、全球化、法律、竞争环境、生产过程、采购、组织结构、市场营销、金融等等。
IGCSE商务考试于每年6月和11月进行两次考试,试卷分为Paper1 和Paper 2。
Paper 1 为简答题,共有4道材料题,每题5小问,共20题,满分80分。占总成绩的50%,考试时间为1小时30分钟;
Paper 2 为案例分析题,共4道题,每题两小问,A问8分,B问12分,共20分一题,满分80分。占总成绩的50%,考试时间为1小时30分钟。
IGCSE商务会计知识点汇总
1.关于成本
Direct Costs: identified with each unit of production
Indirect Costs:Overheads
Fixed costs-not vary with output in short-term-rent
Variation costs-vary with output-commission
Marginal costs-output-extra variable costs
以上成本的两种不同分类都要掌握,还要掌握对应例子。
注意:行业industry不同,成本costs划分会有不同!
Break-even point analysis
Used for:A marketing decision(P)、An operation-management decision(buying new equipment)、Location Choosing...
The Graphical Method chart:IG要求会画,AL要会看明白。
The break-even equation:
BE level of output=fixed costs/contribution per unit(selling price-variable costs per unit)
盈亏点分析的计算在商管国际课程考试里面出现频率高,公式要记清楚,尤其是contribution per unit的计算 。同时要注意,很多essay题目需要论述盈亏点分析。
Different section type of business
Cost center:costs can be allocated or charged
Profit center:costs and revenue—profit
一定要理解,什么是Overheads,在具体的business中,怎么划分。考试题目很多时候不会直接给出,要懂得如何计算。
可以从a kind of variable costs or indirect cost帮助划分理解,正确计算。
Costing methods
Full costing technique(all fixed and variable costs)
—single product
—good basis for pricing
—no certainty about what share of overheads should be allocated to which product
—arbitrary method of overheads allocation leading to inconsistencies
Contribution or marginal costing(allocating direct costs to cost and profit center)
profit=contribution-overheads
contribution
=(selling price-variable cost)*quantity
2.关于Finance筹资
Why (situations requires finance)
Start-up capital
working capital(运营资本):等于current assets(cash,the bills,current receivable,inventory)减去current liabilities(creditors,overdrafts)
Expanding(expansion)
R&D
Marketing
Economic(recession)
Short-term(working capital)
Long-term(revenue expenditure)
Raw materials(more,need多working capital)
Payment(more,need少working capital)
Time Periods(longer,need多working capital)
Internal sources of Finance:Retained profit、Sales of assets,Reductions in the working capital,extended current assets-credit term
Advantages:No increasing liability-no risk of the control
Disadvantages: prevent the company from expanding limit the company’s growth
External sources of Finance:
S:Bank loan , creditor, factoring
M:leasing , hire purchase ,
L:share issue(equity finance),
Debentures , Grants
Microfinance , Crowd Funding
-small busiensses
Venture Capital
-start-ups or expanding small business
Gearing举债
Finance choices
key factors: Size and Profitability of the business,要论述长短期问题。
other factors:Cost, time periods, Amounts required…
3.关于Investment appraisal投资评估
Quantitative appraisal
—payback period(net cash could pay back the original capital costs)
—ARR=annual profit(net cash flow)/initial capital cost *100
initial capital cost=average capital cost=(initial capital cost-residual capital value)/2
Combination of two methods are widely used(considering both profit and timing of cash flow)
—discounting future cash flows(used if payback period and ARR show different results)
Two variables:interest rate、time
Discounted payback(longer than payback period)
Net present value=total discounted cash flows-original investment
Rate of discount=interest cost of finance
IRR(when Net present value=0)—increased IRR calls more profitable
Qualitative appraisal
—environment and local community
—risk lies in permission
—aim and objectives of business
—different degrees of risk accepted by the manager
去年秋季的IGCSE已然出分完毕了,距离今年IGCSE商务考试还有不到半年的时间,想要取得理想的成绩,复习可是从现在就要开始了。标化考试成绩是所有申请材料的基础,英国排名靠前的学校也普遍会在录取时参考学员的IGCSE成绩。
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更多IGCSE/GCSE学习攻略点击
IGCSE商务如何拿高分 一定要把时间花在9分题和12分题上