虽然今年我们已经迎来了AQA和爱德思全球大考取消的消息,但是今年和去年的打分方案不同,今年的替代分数会由导师依据考生的学习表现打分,所以学习提示的节奏还是不能停。本文就结合AS经济考试例题带大家区分一下实证表述与规范表述,希望帮助大家在夏季出分中得到好消息。
AS经济考试介绍
ALEVEL经济考试试卷分为Paper 1和Paper 2,分别是AS阶段的选择题和大题,占40和60%分值比例。
试卷Paper 3和 Paper 4分别是A2阶段的选择题和大题,分别占35%和65%的分值比例。
其中AS经济考试 Paper 2和Paper 4大题题型都是相同的,即大题有data response 和 essay。当然大题里面难点和重点是essay,分值大概占50%以上。
实证表述 Positive Statements
Positive statements are objective statements that can be tested or rejected by referring to the available evidence.positive statements are claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. Positive economics deals with objective explanation and the testing and rejection of theories.
例如:
A rise in consumer incomes will lead to a rise in the demand for new cars.
A fall in the exchange rate will lead to an increase in exports overseas.
More competition in markets can lead to lower prices for consumers.
If the government raises the tax on beer, this will lead to a fall in profits of the brewers.
A reduction in income tax will improve the incentives of the unemployed to search for work.
A rise in average temperatures will increase the demand for chicken.
Poverty in the UK has increased because of the fast growth of executive pay.
规范表述 Normative Statements
Normative statements express an opinion about what ought to be. They are subjective statements rather than objective statements – i.e. they carry value judgments.
例如:
The level of duty on petrol is too unfair and unfairly penalizes motorists.
The London congestion charge for drivers of petrol-guzzling cars should increase to £25 - three times the current charge.
The government should increase the national minimum wage to £6 per hour in order to reduce relative poverty.
The government is right to introduce a ban on smoking in public places.
The retirement age should be raised to 75 to combat the effects of our ageing population.
The government ought to provide financial subsidies to companies manufacturing and developing wind farm technology.
这两种表述的关键区别在于我们如何来判断其有效性(validity)。
原则上,实证表述是可以通过对证据的检验来肯定或是否定的;而规范表述除了事实,还包括价值,判断一项政策是好是坏不仅仅看科学事实,还包含我们对伦理道德,宗教信仰,以及政治哲学的看法。
当然这两者也是互相关联的,实证分析会对规范分析产生影响,但规范分析结论不仅需要实证分析,还需要价值判断(Value judgement)。下面来看一个例题。
AS经济考试例题解析
What must be true of a positive statement?
A It is one that can be shown to be correct or incorrect.
B It is one that deals with positive changes in economic well being.
C It is one that is true by definition.
D It is one with which everyone is in agreement.
答案:A
首先从定义来看,positive statements are claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.实证表述是企图描述世界是什么的观点,换言之是对事实的一种客观描述。
既然是事实,我们就可以判断它的对错,与选项A相符。这里容易勿选成D,要注意的是,三人成虎,并非所有人都同意的就一定正确,可能由于人类认识的发展局限性而造成所有人都错误的结果。
选项C中,定义表现的是所下定义的人的思想认识,也就是我们说的涉及个人的value judgement,因此不能判断为positive statement。
希望以上内容可以帮助大家高效复习AS经济考试。最后我们再重申一下,想躺平等待预估高分是不靠谱的。因为今年的导师评估打分不同于去年的预估打分,最终出分都是需要“证据”支持的,包括但不限于平时作业、测试、模考、外部试卷等考察。所以无论考试取不取消,保持正常新课学习和复习的节奏,都是非常重要的。如果你还没有找到自己的学习方法,点击预约试听【橡沐ALEVEL同步培训班】——
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