Alevelevel心理学要求学员有着大量的阅读能力,但是同学们想要拿到Alevel心理学好的分数就一定要多看、多读、多思考。下面来给大家分享一些Alevel心理学考试重点内容,希望大家都能够好好复习。
Alevel心理学分类
认知心理学
这种方法把人脑视作为类似于电脑的加工系统,重点看大脑如何处理信息,加工信息,储存信息,思考,解决问题等进行一系列的脑力活动,以及这个过程如何影响我们的行为。想一想你为何记得每天带饭卡、出门带钥匙?你为何知道一道非常难的代数题的解法?你又为什么现在还记得很多小时候发生的事情?你的大脑功不可没!
社会心理学
社会心理学是研究个体和群体的社会心理现象的心理学分支。个体社会心理现象指受他人和群体制约的个人的思想、感情和行为。
发展心理学
这一分支的心理学着眼于整个生命周期的发展,从童年到成年。这是一项对于人类发展的科学研究,旨在了解和解释人们如何和为什么改变,在整个生命的进程中。这包括人类成长的各个方面,包括身体、情感、智力、社会、感性和个性的发展。
生理心理学
生理心理学关注行为的生物学基础。它也被称为生物心理学、生物心理学、心理生物学和神经科学。心理学家在这一领域研究电子和化学功能与大脑的活动,以及它们如何与一个人的心理体验和行为相关。心理学的这一分支是通过生理研究为重心的方法,研究许多不同的心理现象。
反常心理学/变态心理学
反常心理学这个领域,关注于心理和行为异常。这个术语涵盖了广泛的疾病、失调紊乱,包括抑郁症、神经失调、性歪曲等。 辅导员,临床心理学家和心理治疗师常常工作在这一领域。
教育心理学
教育心理学是学校、教学心理学、教育问题和学员关注的心理学的分支。教育心理学家经常研究学员如何学习。通过直接与学员、学员家属、导师和管理人员的工作与交流,改善成果。
行为心理学
行为心理学,也被称为行为主义,是基于“所有的行为都是通过条件作用学习”的理论。虽然它在20世纪50年代变得不那么突出,但是行为心理学仍然是治疗,教育和许多其他领域的支柱。
健康心理学
健康心理学是一个专业领域,重点研究生物学、心理学、行为和社会因素对健康和疾病的影响。其他方面包括医学心理学和行为医学,有时与健康心理学术语交替使用。健康心理学领域的重点是促进健康,以及预防和治疗疾病。
Alevel心理学考试重点内容
Milgram(1963)对心理服从的深入探究
Context 背景
One of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology was carried out by Stanley Milgram (1963). Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience.
“心理服从”最著名的研究由Stanley Milgram进行(1963)。耶鲁大学的心理学家Stanley Milgram,进行了一项实验,着眼于 “服从权威”与 “个人良心”(道德)的关系以及冲突。
He examined justifications for acts of genocide ed by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials. Their defense often was based on "obedience" - that they were just following orders from their superiors.
在德国二战的大屠杀中,有很多辩解基于——那些屠杀者之所以会杀很多人,仅仅是对命令及上级的服从。
The experiments began in July 1961, a year after the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Milgram devised the experiment to answer the question:
实验开始于七月1961,阿道夫·艾希曼在耶路撒冷试行一年后。Milgram设计了实验来回答这个问题:
Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?" (Milgram, 1974).
Eichmann(阿道夫*艾希曼,纳粹高官,被称屠夫)和他的万千追随者只是在在屠杀中遵守命令吗?他们都可以被叫做同伙吗?
Aim 目的
—Milgram (1963) was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person.
Milgram研究人们到底会何种程度的遵守指令,即使所给的指令中包含伤害别人。
Method 方法
Lab experiment
Participants 参与者
A newspaper advertisement was used to recruit 40 men aged 20-50 (volunteer&self selecting). The advertisement was asking for people to take part in a study on memory.
Respondents were from a range of backgrounds and jobs :
—37.5% manual laborers 手工业者
—40% white collar workers 白领
—22.5% professionals专业人
All were from USA.
Procedure 步骤
At the beginning of the experiment they were introduced to another participant——Mr.Wallace, who was actually a confederate of the experimenter
在实验的开始,他们被介绍给另一个参与者—华勒斯先生—其实是实验者的同伙/合谋者。
They drew straws to determine their roles – learner or teacher – although this was fixed and participants were always the teacher.
他们用抽签来决定他们的角色——learner or teacher?
他们通过抽签决定,谁是learner谁是teacher这两个角色?
但是,这其中是满满的套路!签早已经决定了,参与者永远只会抽到‘teacher’
Two rooms in the Yale Interaction Laboratory were used - one for the learner (with an electric chair) and another for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator.
耶鲁实验室的两间实验室被使用 — 一间给learner使用,另一间给teacher和实验者使用,还有最重要的实验仪器—电震发生器。
The “learner” (Mr. Wallace) was strapped to a chair with electrodes. After he has learned a list of word pairs given him to learn, the "teacher" tests him by naming a word and asking the learner to recall its partner/pair from a list of four possible choices.
“学习者”(华勒斯先生)被绑在一个有电极的椅子上。在他学会了一组单词之后,“导师”,也就是participants,对他进行测试。
The teacher is told to administer an electric shock every time the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time. There were 30 switches on the shock generator marked from 15 volts (slight shock) to 450 (danger – severe shock).
每一次学习者犯错误时,导师都会给学员一个电击,每次都会增加电击的水平。有30个开关上有15伏的冲击波发生器(轻微电击)至450(危险的,严重的休克)。
The learner gave mainly wrong answers (on purpose) and for each of these the teacher gave him an electric shock.
当learner(故意)给出错误的答案时,teacher就会给他实施电击。
When the teacher refused to administer a shock the experimenter was to give a series of orders / prods to ensure they continued.
当‘导师’拒绝执行电击,实验者将给他们一系列‘命令’来确保他们继续。
There were 4 prods and if one was not obeyed then the experimenter (Mr. Williams) read out the next prod, and so on.
Prod 1: Please continue.
Prod 2: The experiment requires you to continue.
Prod 3: It is absolutely essential that you continue.
Prod 4: You have no other choice but to continue.
Results 结果
65% (two-thirds) of participants (i.e. teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts.
65%(三分之二)的参与者(即导师)继续到最高水平的450伏。所有的参与者继续到300伏特。
Conclusion 结论
1、People are much more obedient to destructive orders than we might expect. In fact, the majority of people are quite willing to obey destructive orders.
人比我们想象的更服从于破坏性的命令。并且,事实上,大多数人都很愿意服从破坏性的命令。
2、People find receiving and obeying destructive orders highly stressful. They obey in spite of their emotional responses. The situation triggers a conflict between two deeply ingrained tendencies: to obey those in authority, and not to harm people.
人们发现接受和服从破坏性的命令非常有压力。尽管他们的情绪反应,他们还是服从了命令。这种情况引发了两种根深蒂固的倾向之间的冲突:尊重权威、上级?还是不去伤害别人?
以上就是Alevel心理学考试技巧的介绍了,希望对各位学员考好Alevel心理学考试有多帮助。受疫情影响,有些考试局的ALEVEL考试取消了,科学的评估成绩方式将会成为一项至关重要的选择。因此学员应该更加重视平时的学习和测试,增加阶段性的测试来检验一段时间内的学习效率和成果。这代表平时的课堂表现、测试、出勤、课上互动、课下作业大家都要重视起来啦,
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