ALEVEL历史是出了名地难,IB历史也不遑多让,看看它垫底的得分率就知道了。本文就来分享一些美国史相关的IB历史知识点整理,希望能帮你查漏补缺复习状态,争取保6冲7。
IB历史课程内容与考试形式简介
历史属于IBDP的第三国际课程组Individuals and societies,它还包括工商管理、地理、心理、经济、全球政治、哲学、世界宗教等一系列课程,基本上是国内的人文社会类课程。
IB历史与传统历史课程不太一样,因为它不太强调背功的重要性,而是侧重于考查学员获取信息、提取信息的能力以及历史观点与历史思维。
IB历史考核由3张试卷组成,我们重点分析一下第一张卷子。
IB历史 Paper 1
Paper 1考试时间为1个小时,在IB历史SL等级中,占总分的30%,在HL等级中,占20%。考试题型为材料分析题,无选择题。
在IBDP历史的课程大纲中,对Paper 1的描述为“以历史材料为基础(source-based)的试卷,涵盖五个指定的主题(prescribedsubject)。请从五个主题中选择一个主题进行答题。回答四道结构型问题(structured questions)”
所谓四道结构型问题,其实共有五个问题,其中第一道问题分为a问与b问,但之所以算作四道问题,主要还是由于第一道的a问与b问考查学员的能力其实是相同,只是a问通常针对文字材料,而b问则一般图片材料。
IB历史 paper2:
考查IB历史知识点里的世界历史内容,学员需要从两个主题中分别挑选两道拓展型题目,考试时间1小时30分钟,满分30分,SL占总成绩的40%,HL占总成绩的25%。
IB历史 paper3:
仅HL学员需要考paper3,考查HL的选修主题内容,包含3道拓展型题目,考试时间为2小时15分钟,满分40分,占HL总成绩的35%。
美国史相关IB历史知识点整理
Marbury v. Madison(1803)
This case established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review—the power to determine whether or not a law or other government action is constitutional. This power has become part of the “unwritten Constitution” and one of the Supreme Court’s most important roles.
此案确定了美国宪法中的司法审查先例,确立了司法的权威,在美国宪法史上有着极为重要的地位。
Gibbons v. Ogden(1824)
The court decided that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted toCongressby theCommerce Clauseof theUnited States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.
美国是由独立的各州联邦组成的国家,因此联邦制使各州拥有广泛的权力。管理州内的工商业的权利在每个州自己的手里,但管理州与州之间的经济活动(interstate commerce)的权利却不得不让渡给联邦政府。因此美国宪法规定了管理对外贸易、州际贸易和与印第安部落的贸易是属于联邦政府的权利。但纸上的规定要化为实践还需要一个过程,而此案就促进了这个法律的落实。
Dred Scott v. Sandford(1857)
Dred Scott, an enslaved man of "the negro African race" who had been taken by his owners tofree states and territories, attempted to sue for his freedom. The Supreme Court denied Scott's request, andheld that "a negro, whose ancestors were imported into [the U.S.], and sold as slaves",whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore had nostandingto sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in thefederal territoriesacquired after the creation of the United States.
此案的判决严重损害了美国最高法院的威望,更成为南北战争的关键起因之一。
Brown v. Board of Education(1954)
Essentially undoingPlessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” facilities for blacks and whites were “inherently unequal.” This case outlawed racial segregation of public schools and paved the way for the integration of other areas as well.
此案判决种族隔离本质上就是一种不平等,因此种族隔离的法律因为剥夺了黑人学童的入学权利而违反了the 14th Admendments所保障的平等权而违宪。此案终止了美国社会中存在已久白人和黑人必须分别就读不同公立学校的种族隔离现象。从本判决后「隔离但平等」的法律原则被推翻,从此美国开始废止一切有关种族隔离的措施,民权运动和种族融合也因为本案迈进一大步。
Gideon v. Wainwright(1963)
This decision expanded the guarantees of the Bill of Rights by ruling that the 6th Amendment right to an attorney regardless of ability to pay applies to state cases as well as federal ones.
此案裁决,获得律师帮助权属于公平审判的最基本内容,应当纳入宪法第14条修正案中“正当法律程序”的保护之列。
Miranda v. Arizona(1966)
This case is designed to make sure that those accused of a crime know their rights before they are interrogated by police. This is known as the “Miranda Warning” or “Miranda Rights.”
在这个判决中,联邦最高法院规定在实施逮捕和审讯嫌犯时,警方必须及时提醒嫌犯有权保持沉默,拒绝回答警方提出的问题;2、如果回答了警方的问题,这些供词将会用来起诉和审判他们;3、可以请律师,并且可以要求审问时有律师在场给予帮助;4、如果他请不起律师,法庭将免费为之指派一位。因为这个判决,米兰达警告沿用至今。
Roe v. Wade(1973)
The Supreme Court used the 4th Amendment as the basis to legalize first trimester abortion.
美国联邦最高法院承认妇女的堕胎权受到宪法隐私权的保护。
US v. Richard Nixon(1976)
This case resulted in a unanimous decision againstPresidentRichard Nixon, ordering him to deliver tape recordings and other subpoenaed materials to a federal district court. The decision was important to the late stages of theWatergate scandal, when there was an ongoingimpeachment process against Richard Nixon.United States v. Nixonis considered a crucial precedent limiting the power of any U.S. president to claimexecutive privilege.
此案判决命令时任美国总统理查德·尼克松交出特别检察官要求的白宫录音带。这一判决对水门事件产生了重要的影响,判决仅半个月后,尼克松宣布辞职。这一案件也被认为是对美国总统权力作出限制的一个关键性的判决先例。
部分IB历史知识点整理就到这里。IB历史是一门没有填空和选择题答考试,涉及大量论述观点和发表见解的信息题。这个特点注定IB历史的复习是不能一蹴而就的,如果想收获细水长流的复习辅导,可以点击预约试听【IB同步培训班】——
科目与IA、EE、TOK专项论文辅导均有开设
导师+班主任+个人顾问跟盯模式
适合IBDP1,IBDP同学
现在报名还能领取线上1V1测评,私人定制冲7方案哟。
除了IB历史知识点,你还可以看——
2021年IB TOK论文放题,哪道最好拿A?橡沐独家解析来了
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