2021AP心理考试U14考点总结 这样划重点才能拿理想分

2021AP最后一轮报名已经开启了，抢到考位的小伙伴有想好剩下5个月怎么复习吗？本文就先带选了AP心理的小伙伴划一下U14的重点，其他单元的重点也可以参考下文的思路来总结。希望能让你的2021AP心理考试复习更高效。

（点击阅读2021最后一波韩国AP考试报名指南）

2021AP心理考试复习重点 U14篇

Attitude Formation and Change

Attitude – a set of beliefs and feelings.

Mere exposure effect – the effect that the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it.

Persuasion

• Central route: involves deep processing of the content of the message. (What makes this product better than the rest?)

• Peripheral route: involves other aspects of messages, including the characteristics of the person imparting the message.

Cognitive dissonance theory – the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. If attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance.

Compliance strategies

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon – if you get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is larger

• If Joe agrees to lend Jason 10 dollars, he is more likely to lend Jason the money if he asks for 12 dollars tomorrow.

Door-in-the-face phenomenon – after people refuse a large request, they will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable.

• After Joe refuses Jason’s request to borrow 100 dollars, he might feel bad, and in return accepting Jason’s follow-up request of a 20-dollar loan.

Norms of reciprocity – people tend to think that when someone does something nice for them, they ought to do something nice in return.

Attribution Theory

Dispositional attribution - the tendency of assigning the cause or responsibility of a certain behavior or action to the internal characteristic, rather than to outside forces.

Situational attribution - the assumption that a person’s behavior is influenced by an external influence from the environment or culture.

Harold Kelley

Puts forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information:

• Consistency: how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time.

• Distinctiveness: how similar this situation is to other situations.

• Consensus: how others have responded in the same situation.

Self-fulfilling prophecy - when a false belief influences people's behavior in such a way that it ultimately shapes reality.

• The opposite, where a prediction prevents what it predicts from happening, is called self-defeating prophecy, or the ‘prophet’s dilemma.’

• The Golem effect and the Pygmalion effect (Rosenthal effect) are both different forms of self-fulfilling prophecies.

Fundamental attribution error – when looking at others, people tend to overestimate the importance of dispositional factors and underestimate the role of situational factors.

Stereotyping in a Nutshell

Stereotype - a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or group, and may influence how we interact with members of these groups.

• Stereotypes are basically schemata about groups.

Prejudice – an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of people.

• Prejudice is an attitude.

Ethnocentrism – the belief that  one’s culture is superior to others. It is a specific kind of prejudice.

Discrimination – acting on one’s prejudice and carry out unjust treatment/violence on specific groups.

Antisocial VS Prosocial Behavior

Antisocial Behavior

Instrumental aggression – when an aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end.

• Johnny wanted Benny’s toy, so he punched Benny and took the toy. Johnny has committed an instrumental aggression.

Hostile aggression – when an aggressive act is performed without a clear purpose.

• Johnny is simply angry or upset, and proceeds to punch Benny. Johnny’s aggression is hostile aggression.

Frustration-aggression hypothesis – the feeling of frustration makes aggression more likely to arise.

Prosocial Behavior

Bystander effect – the larger the number of people who witness an emergency situation, the less likely someone is to intervene.

• An explanation for this is a phenomenon called diffusion of responsibility. The larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible any one individual feels to help.

Attraction Factors

• Similarity: we are drawn to people who are similar to us.

• Proximity: the greater the exposure one has to another person, the more one generally comes to like that person.

• Reciprocal liking: the more someone likes you, the more you will like that person.

Conformity and Obedience:

Social facilitation – the presence of others improve task performance.

Social impairment – the presence of other hurt task performance, especially if the task being observed is a difficult one.

Conformity – the tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others.

• Famous example is Solomon Asch’s line measurement conformity experiment.

Obedience – the willingness to do what others ask them to do.

• Famous example is Stanley Milgram’s shock experiment.

Group Dynamics:

Norms – rules about how group members should act.

Social loafing – when individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as a part of a group as they do when acting alone.

Group polarization – the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than group members would make individually.

Groupthink – the tendency for some groups to make bad decisions, where false unanimity is supported and flaws overlooked.

Deindividuation – the loss of self-restraint when group members feel anonymous and aroused.

• Famous example of this phenomenon is Philip Zimbardo’s prisoner experiment.

2021AP心理考试U14重点就总结到这里啦，希望能减轻你的心理负担，加速复习。今年的考试和去年不同，CB会考察考纲的所有内容，所以各位同学务必要把所有考点都复习到。如果你害怕来不及复习，可以点击预约试听【橡沐AP同步培训班】，橡沐教学天团授课，根据学员进度定制课程，高效扫清知识盲点，精准定位学员知识漏洞，同时选了多门考试，也能理想分N连。

不管是英国前10还是美国前20的学校，都非常认可AP成绩。但AP考试采取五分制，排名靠前的学校要求4-理想分才能换学分，也只有接近满分的成绩才能真的帮到申请。所以AP考生一定要以理想分为理想目标呀。

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2021AP心理考点、学习技巧超全梳理 没有课本也能随时复习啦